Foundations and Contents of Theology and Theological Thought

Abstract

This study examines Islamic theology (ʿIlm al-Kalām) and theological thought through a conceptual, historical, and analytical approach aimed at exploring the development and intellectual functions of this discipline throughout the history of Islamic thought. The study begins by clarifying the concepts of thought, knowledge, and kalām linguistically and terminologically, then discusses the historical and intellectual circumstances that led to the emergence of Islamic theology within Islamic civilization amid political, doctrinal, and sectarian transformations. The study also reviews the definitions of ʿIlm al-Kalām proposed by major Muslim scholars, highlighting the diversity of their methodologies and objectives in defining the nature and function of this discipline. Some scholars viewed it primarily as a means of defending Islamic doctrine, while others considered it a rational discipline concerned with establishing the foundations of faith through logical argumentation. Furthermore, the study addresses the evolution of theological thought into what is now referred to as “New Kalām” or “Modern Islamic Theology,” which seeks to engage with modernity, contemporary sciences, and current intellectual challenges through renewed theological methodologies and discourse. The study concludes that ʿIlm al-Kalām was not merely a sectarian polemical science, but rather a dynamic intellectual and civilizational project that continuously contributed to the defense and articulation of Islamic doctrine. It also emphasizes the necessity of renewing its methods and approaches in order to respond effectively to contemporary intellectual developments and challenges.