Iranian Penetration in the Arab Homeland in the Period from 1979-2026

Abstract

This study examines Iranian penetration in the Arab world from its historical roots to the contemporary period, showing that it is based on geographical, historical, religious, and political factors. Iran’s strategic location enhanced its regional power, while the Persian legacy and the Ottoman–Safavid conflict formed an early basis for rivalry with the Arab world. After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran adopted a policy of exporting the revolution based on the concept of Wilayat al-Faqih, seeking to expand its influence by supporting political and military groups in countries such as Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, and Syria. Iran employed multiple tools, including soft power through culture and media, and hard power through militias, alongside exploiting sectarian dimensions. It also benefited from events like the 2003 Iraq invasion and the Arab Spring to strengthen its regional presence. This penetration led to instability, deepened sectarian divisions, and increased Iranian influence within state institutions, while reinforcing its broader geopolitical ambitions.