Sultan Abdulhamid II's Reforms in the Ottoman Empire: Pan-Islamism as a Model

Abstract

This study examines the Pan-Islamic project of Sultan Abdulhamid II as a reformist and unifying model that sought to confront internal fragmentation and external colonial intervention in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries، It analyzes the intellectual and political foundations of the project, its mechanisms, and its role in strengthening internal cohesion and facing external challenges, while also assessing the reasons for its failure and decline، Using a historical-analytical approach، the study concludes that Pan-Islamism was a serious attempt to delay the collapse of the Ottoman state، but it failed to become a lasting institutional project due to intellectual transformations، political changes، and international pressures.