Temporal and Spatial Variability of Vegetation Cover in the Al-Asabi’ah Region Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing Technologies During the Period (1994–2024)

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover in the Al-Asabaa region over the period from 1994 to 2024, utilizing remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). These tools are recognized for their high accuracy in monitoring environmental changes across vast areas and extended timeframes. The research relies on a series of Landsat satellite images, which were analyzed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to detect patterns and trends in vegetation density and distribution. The study highlights the critical role of modern geographical technologies in analyzing environmental changes and provides a valuable spatial database that can support environmental planning and sustainable natural resource management. It further recommends the adoption of effective vegetation protection policies and the implementation of continuous monitoring programs using remote sensing, particularly in environmentally vulnerable areas such as Al-Asabaa. The results revealed significant spatial and temporal fluctuations in the region’s vegetation cover. A noticeable decline was observed in certain natural vegetation areas, particularly during periods characterized by reduced rainfall or increased human activities, such as overgrazing and unregulated agricultural expansion. Additionally, political instability in the country has contributed to the degradation of vegetation cover. Conversely, some areas showed relative improvement due to afforestation initiatives or favorable climatic conditions during specific years, leading to increased scattered vegetation. Quantitatively, the study recorded a decrease of approximately 9.69 km² in moderately vegetated areas and 307.77 km² in sparsely vegetated zones. On the other hand, there was an increase in scattered vegetation by about 308.81 km², and areas classified as having no vegetation increased by 8.4 km² compared to previous measurements.