alasala journal

ظاهرة الطلاق في المجتمع الليبي وأبعادها الاجتماعية والنفسية

حواء البشير أحمد المعيوفي — 2025-12-03

This study aimed to identify the most prominent social and economic factors contributing to the spread of divorce in Libyan society, examine the psychological effects of divorce on both spouses within the Libyan context, explore the impact of divorce on children in terms of psychological development and social behavior, and investigate the role of community and educational institutions in reducing the phenomenon of divorce and promoting family stability in Libyan society. The study reached the following conclusions: -Economic and social factors are among the primary causes of the increasing divorce rate in Libya. Unemployment, high cost of living, financial instability, shifts in social roles between spouses, lack of marital awareness, family interference, and poor communication are all significant contributing elements. -Divorce results in profound psychological effects for both spouses, including feelings of failure, depression, anxiety, and loss of emotional and social security—particularly given the social stigma that may affect divorced individuals in Libyan society. -Children are significantly affected both psychologically and socially by divorce. They may experience behavioral disorders, academic underperformance, low self-confidence, and emotional deprivation, all of which can negatively impact their psychological development and future personalities. -Community and educational institutions play a vital role in limiting the spread of divorce by offering pre-marital awareness programs, providing family counseling services, promoting a culture of dialogue, and supporting policies that foster family stability and improve the economic conditions of newly established households.

الاتجاهات النظرية للخدمة الاجتماعية في المجال البيئي (المنظور النسقي الأيكولوجي)

حورية محمود الرميح — 2025-12-03

The research aims to clarify the importance of contemporary theoretical approaches in social work within the environmental field, which is considered a newly emerging area of practice for social workers. This field seeks to promote and develop environmental awareness in order to protect the environment and contribute to addressing environmental problems resulting from human activities and negative interactions with the surrounding environment. The study highlights the most significant theoretical approaches that provide a social interpretation of the human– environment relationship and explain the factors that have led to environmental issues. Furthermore, the research discusses the main approach adopted by professional social work practice, which provides a theoretical framework for social workers and researchers to interpret and analyze systems of interaction with the environment. This framework also paves the way for professional interventions based on theories that include practical strategies representing the remedial aspect of social work.

الآثار النفسية والاجتماعية للبطالة على الأسرة

رضا المبروك إبراهيم كشير — 2025-12-03

The study aimed to identify the psychological and social effects of unemployment on the family by examining its impact on the mental health of family members, particularly the head of the household, as well as its influence on family relationships and cohesion. It also explored the effect of unemployment on the family’s role in raising children and shaping their social behavior, in addition to identifying the mechanisms and strategies adopted by families affected by unemployment to cope with its psychological and social consequences. The descriptive method was employed due to its suitability for the study’s objectives. The study reached the following findings: -Family communication and mutual psychological support are among the most important means used by families affected by unemployment to reduce stress and negative emotions resulting from job loss. -Families restructure their financial priorities by reducing expenses and seeking alternative sources of income, which helps them overcome sudden economic crises. -Commitment to religious and spiritual values provides a strong psychological foundation that enables families to endure and remain resilient, thereby strengthening their cohesion in the face of unemployment’s impacts. -Acquiring skills and vocational training represents a strategic option adopted by families to improve employment opportunities and enhance their sense of control over the future.

دور الخدمة الاجتماعية في مواجهة الإدمان على المخدرات بين فئة المراهقين

سالمة سالم عبد الله مفتاح المصباحي — 2025-12-03

The study aimed to explore the role of social work in addressing drug addiction among adolescents. This was achieved by identifying the main professional roles that social work plays in preventing drug addiction among adolescents, examining how social interventions contribute to supporting the therapeutic and rehabilitative aspects for adolescents who use drugs, identifying the challenges faced by social workers in dealing with addiction cases among adolescents across various institutions, and finally, exploring contemporary trends and practices in social work that can be utilized to reduce addiction among adolescents. The descriptive method was adopted due to its suitability for the study’s objectives. The study reached the following results: -Early preventive interventions implemented by social work in schools and communities significantly reduce drug use rates among adolescents by enhancing awareness and developing life skills. -Continuous psychological and social support provided by social workers contributes to improving adherence to treatment and rehabilitation among addicted adolescents, thereby reducing the risk of relapse. -Social workers face significant challenges, including limited resources and training, as well as difficulties in building trust with adolescents, which affects the effectiveness of the interventions provided. -Enhancing integration among health, educational, security, and social institutions, in addition to utilizing modern technology, improves the quality and efficiency of prevention and treatment programs for adolescent addiction.

تأثير الثقافة المجتمعية على القيم التعليمية لدى الطلاب المرحلة الجامعية دراسة ميدانية مطبقة على عينة من طلاب كلية الآداب الزاوية وكلية الآداب العجيلات

سعاد عبد الكريم أبوترابة — 2025-12-03

The study conducted examined the impact of community culture on educational values among university students. The research was applied to a sample of 80 students from the Faculty of Arts in Zawiya and Al-Ajilat. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical method to collect data. The results indicated that community culture enhances values of cooperation and respect but weakens critical thinking skills. Students also reported conflicts between modern educational values and traditional ones, highlighting the need for additional support from educational institutions

التنظيم الاجتماعي المدرسي وأثره في تكوين الهوية الاجتماعية لدى طلبة الشهادة الثانوية بمدرستي ثانوية الشعب الثائر بنين وثانوية الزهراء بنات

سمير المختار السيد كريمة — 2025-12-03

The study aimed to identify the level of school social organization and its impact on the formation of social identity among secondary school students at Al-Shaab Al-Thaer Boys Secondary School and Al-Zahraa Girls Secondary School. The study sample consisted of (60) male and female students. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, and a questionnaire was used to collect data from the study sample. The study revealed the following results: -The level of school social organization among secondary school students at Al-Shaab Al-Thaer Boys Secondary School and Al-Zahraa Girls Secondary School was high. -The level of social identity formation among secondary school students at the same schools was also high. -There was a significant positive impact of school social organization on the formation of social identity among the students.

التفاعل الاجتماعي الأسري وعلاقته بالمسؤولية الاجتماعية للأبناء ــ دراسة ميدانية على عينة من الشباب في مدينة مصراتة

فاطمة محمد عمر رفيدة — 2025-12-03

The research aims to investigate the relationship between family social interaction and the social responsibility of children. The descriptive method was adopted using a social survey by sample, and a questionnaire form was applied as the primary data collection tool on a sample of 25 young individuals. The research reached several findings: - There is a statistically significant relationship between family social interaction and the personal responsibility of children, with a correlation coefficient of 0.474 and a significance level of 0.000. - There is a statistically significant relationship between family social interaction and the collective responsibility of children, with a correlation coefficient of 0.438 and a significance level of 0.000. - There is no statistically significant relationship between family social interaction and the moral responsibility of children, with a correlation coefficient of 0.314 and a significance level of 0.569.

دور التعليم النوعي في تمكين الشباب وتنمية مهاراتهم الاجتماعية في المجتمع

ماجدة سالم محمد النائلي — 2025-12-03

The study aimed to identify the role of qualitative education in empowering youth and developing their social skills within society, through examining the impact of qualitative education on enhancing youth’s social skills such as communication, teamwork, and leadership. It also sought to explore the factors hindering the implementation of qualitative education in educational institutions and their effect on socially empowering youth, as well as to determine the extent to which qualitative educational programs contribute to improving youth’s ability to engage positively and participate actively in society. Finally, the study aimed to highlight ways to develop qualitative curricula and teaching methods to better meet the social and psychological needs of youth. The researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the purposes of the study. The study reached the following findings: -Qualitative education enhances youth’s social skills through an interactive environment that fosters communication, teamwork, and leadership opportunities, thereby preparing them to face social and professional challenges with confidence and competence. -Several factors hinder the application of qualitative education in educational institutions, such as insufficient teacher training, lack of resources, and adherence to traditional methods, which negatively affect youth empowerment and the development of essential social skills for positive interaction. -Qualitative educational programs effectively contribute to enhancing youth’s ability to engage positively and participate in community life by building self-confidence, developing dialogue skills, and strengthening belonging, which positively reflects on their integration and role in community development. -Developing qualitative curricula and teaching methods to meet the social and psychological needs of youth requires adopting a holistic vision that integrates interactive content and active learning methods, considers individual differences, supports self-expression, and provides a democratic learning environment, with a focus on teacher training to ensure effective application that contributes to the balanced development of youth.

The Role of Social Media in Reshaping Family Relationships in Libyan Society

محمد رمضان العربي احفيظة — 2025-12-03

This study aimed to explore the major changes that have occurred in patterns of family communication due to the increasing use of social media, and how these new patterns differ from traditional methods of dialogue and interaction. It also sought to examine the extent to which excessive or unregulated use of social media impacts family cohesion—whether it strengthens familial bonds or contributes to their weakening and fragmentation. Furthermore, the study investigated the nature of the digital and cultural gap between family members, particularly between the older and younger generations, and how this gap influences mutual understanding and communication within the family unit. Additionally, it explored the potential effects of social media use on the concepts of privacy and responsibility within the family context, especially in relation to shifting boundaries of supervision and the sharing of personal information among family members. The study reached the following key findings: -The patterns of family communication have changed significantly due to the widespread use of social media, with face-to-face dialogue declining in favor of digital interactions. -Excessive or unregulated use of social media negatively affects family cohesion, as each individual becomes preoccupied with their own digital world, reducing actual family interaction time.-Social media has created a clear digital and cultural gap between generations within the family, with younger members showing greater technical ability and adaptability than older ones. -Social media has reshaped the concepts of privacy and responsibility within the family, leading to changes in how personal information is shared and how familial roles are fulfilled.

The Role of Internal Audit on Banking Performance

إمحمد إمحمد الطاهر مانه — 2025-12-03

The study aimed to identify the impact of internal audit on improving banking performance, by exploring the functions of internal audit in evaluating banking operations, detecting risks, and ensuring compliance with policies and procedures The study also aimed to examine the differences in the impact of internal audit depending on the size and type of bank, and the nature of banking operations The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach due to its suitability for the research objectives. The study reached the following conclusions: -- Internal audit plays a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of banking operations and reducing the likelihood of errors or financial and operational risks. --Internal audit contributes to ensuring compliance with internal laws and policies, which enhances integrity and transparency within the bank. --The impact of internal audit varies depending on the size of the bank and the nature of its operations, with larger banks facing greater challenges in controlling multiple operations compared to smaller banks. --Internal audit assists senior management in making sound financial and strategic decisions by providing an objective assessment of banking operations and risks.

E-Management and the Requirements of it’s Implementations at the Libyan Government Organizations

أبو القاسم سالم عبد الله دوة — 2025-12-03

This research seeks to investigate the requirements of E-Management implementations, and to determine the obstacles of the transforming from the traditional manual management into E-Management, at the Libyan government organizations. A descriptive-analytical approach was adapted for diagnosing and analysing the research problem, from its differ aspects as an attempt to come up with numerous results and recommendations. The research was divided into three mean chapters; the first chapter revealed the research’s general structures that covers, an introduction, research problem, research questions, research importance, objectives, methods, and literature review. Whereas, the second chapter stated the EManagement concepts, purposes, and goals. While, the final third chapter discussed the reasons and the benefits for shifting from the traditional management into the E-Management, and the requirements plus the requests of the E-Management transform project at the Libyan government organizations. Besides, stated some obstacles and difficulties that could be faced. The research concluded numerous results, most of its importance is that the weak of communications infrastructure and the official’s believes at the high administrations for the significant of the E-Management and their concerns over reducing their administration authorities. Additionally, the deficiency of workforce’s training and development at the government administrations and sectors. Also, the lack of developing the management regulations and rules at the Libyan administrations to meet the updates on this field. Based on results, the research proposed a number of recommendations. most of its importance is that to establish a modern communications infrastructure, and dispreading the E-Management beliefs, and the adaption of the E-Management concepts and applications at the high administrations. Furthermore, to set the necessarily strategies for human resource development; besides, legitimating the E-Management regulations and rules as well as the sufficient applications protection.

نمذجة دالة الاستهلاك في ليبيا باستخدام نموذج الانحدار الكمي للفترة 1990-2020

عيسى أبو القاسم حسين العيني — 2025-12-03

This study aims to estimate the consumption function in the Libyan economy during the period 1990-2020 by employing the Quantile regression model, in order to analyze the impact of income, exchange rate, and population size on household consumption expenditure. The results indicate that income has a significant positive effect, particularly among the low and middle consumption groups, while the exchange rate exerts a stronger influence at higher consumption levels, reflecting its volatility in the economy. Moreover, population size emerges as the most stable determinant, emphasizing the crucial role of demographic factors. The findings further demonstrate that Quantile regression captures the heterogeneous effects of explanatory variables across different quantiles of consumption, a feature that conventional estimation methods such as OLS fail to reveal. This underscores the importance of applying Quantile regression in the analysis of economic relationships.

Conflict in the Sahara: A History of Regional Conflicts in North Africa

فيصل يوسف خليل فضل — 2025-12-03

Many of the regional conflicts in North Africa have their roots in the Sahara Desert, one of the world's largest geographic regions. This region has been a crossroads of cultures and trade routes since ancient times, but it has also witnessed tensions and wars due to religious and ethnic divisions, as well as competition for scarce resources such as water and fertile land. After independence, regional tensions arose as a result of the arbitrary division of the region by colonizers during the European colonial era. One of the main causes of wars that broke out between states that were formerly part of colonial empires was the borders established by colonialism, which did not reflect tribal and ethnic realities. Many separatist movements had a particular impact on these regions, as some groups sought independence or autonomy under central governments that were indifferent to their demands. Tensions between the region's major powers, such as Algeria and Libya, as well as international interventions, especially Western military operations in various security-related matters, have contributed to the escalation of hostilities over the past twenty years. Armed organizations such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda have also contributed significantly to the war by imposing ideological and religious objectives.

الاتجاهات العالمية في فهم العوامل النفسية والاجتماعية المؤثرة على خدمات التربية الخاصة لأطفال التوحد: مراجعة منهجية

أنيسة خليفة عمر الحاج — 2025-12-03

This systematic review aims to analyze global trends in understanding the psychological and social factors influencing special education services for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with the objective of extracting applicable insights for local contexts, particularly in Arab countries. The study employed a systematic review methodology following PRISMA guidelines, analyzing (39) studies published between 2015 and 2025, selected from global and Arabic databases. Thematic Analysis was the primary tool for analyzing the extracted qualitative data. The results reveal a fundamental paradigm shift from an individual-focused perspective on the child to an ecological-interactive model that recognizes the pivotal role of the family and community. Findings indicate that families, particularly mothers, face immense psychological and social stress, and that students with ASD encounter persistent challenges in social and academic inclusion. The review also highlights the effectiveness of parent-mediated interventions and the critical need for culturally adapting therapeutic programs. This study contributes a comprehensive framework connecting international evidence with local needs, recommending the establishment of integrated family support programs, development of genuinely inclusive school environments, appointment of case managers, and adaptation of globally-recognized interventions to fit the local context.

تأثير الضغوط اليومية على الصحة النفسية العامة لدي الأفراد

فوزي محمد علي المنتصر — 2025-12-03

This study examines the impact of daily stresses on the general mental health of individuals, focusing on evaluating the effects of continuous and recurrent stress on the emergence of anxiety, tension, and depression symptoms. The research aims to identify factors that exacerbate these effects and explore the role of social support and personal skills in mitigating the impact of stress. The study also highlights the importance of adopting effective coping strategies to reduce psychological harm and enhance mental balance. The research emphasizes the need for community and institutional awareness programs to promote effective daily stress management.

دراسة تحليلية عن المضامين الأخلاقية في كتب اللغة العربية للصفوف الثلاث الأولى من مرحلة التعليم الأساسي في ليبيا

مريم محمد كرناف — 2025-12-03

The aim of the present study was to identify the ethical contents that should be included in Arabic language books in the first three grades of basic education in Libya, and to analyze those books to identify the availability of ethical contents. To achieve this, the researcher used the method of content analysis, which necessitated the preparation of two tools: the first (the moral content questionnaire), which took care of the inventory of the contents necessary for students at this age stage, and the second tool was the (content analysis form), which was prepared in the light of the first tool and through which the Arabic language books for the three grades were analyzed. The most important findings of this study were the following: The list of moral contents necessary for students of the first three grades of basic education in Libya contained (54) moral content, the analyzed Arabic language books included most of the moral contents listed in the list, although the degree of their availability varied from one classroom to another, and the study showed that there was a clear gradation in the presentation of some moral contents between the three grades, and the imbalance in the presentation of moral contents in Arabic language books in the three grades, as the emphasis was placed on certain contents, their repetitions came high with a frequency of (330) repetitions, and (79%) of the total number of repetitions of moral content, while the repetition of The total number of repetitions was (64) and (15%) of the total number, while some of the contents were neglected and were not mentioned in any of the three books. In light of the results of the study, the researcher developed a number of recommendations and proposals.

دراسة تحليلية حول تأثير العوامل الجغرافية في الرحلة اليومية إلى العمل على رضا وأداء موظفي إدارة الدراسات العليا والتدريب بجامعة الزاوية، ليبيا

رويدة عبد الحميد الشيباني — 2025-12-03

This study aimed to analyze the impact of geographical factors of daily commute to work on job satisfaction and performance of employees in the Postgraduate Studies and Training Administration at the University of Zawiya. To achieve the study's objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted as the most suitable for the nature of the topic. Data was collected using a questionnaire designed for this purpose, and the study sample consisted of 34 employees. The data was processed and analyzed statistically. The results showed that the impact of geographical factors on employee satisfaction was moderate, with statistically significant differences at (0.05) attributed to variables of gender, transportation means, and job performance. The differences were in favor of males, employees who use private cars, and employees whose performance was affected by the daily commute. The study recommended improving transportation conditions and roads leading to the university in coordination with relevant authorities to reduce the burden of daily commuting on employees. It also suggested providing traffic facilities and public transportation for employees to reduce daily commuting challenges.

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Vegetation Cover in the Al-Asabi’ah Region Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing Technologies During the Period (1994–2024)

صباح أبوعجيلة صالح عامر — 2025-12-03

This study aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover in the Al-Asabaa region over the period from 1994 to 2024, utilizing remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). These tools are recognized for their high accuracy in monitoring environmental changes across vast areas and extended timeframes. The research relies on a series of Landsat satellite images, which were analyzed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to detect patterns and trends in vegetation density and distribution. The study highlights the critical role of modern geographical technologies in analyzing environmental changes and provides a valuable spatial database that can support environmental planning and sustainable natural resource management. It further recommends the adoption of effective vegetation protection policies and the implementation of continuous monitoring programs using remote sensing, particularly in environmentally vulnerable areas such as Al-Asabaa. The results revealed significant spatial and temporal fluctuations in the region’s vegetation cover. A noticeable decline was observed in certain natural vegetation areas, particularly during periods characterized by reduced rainfall or increased human activities, such as overgrazing and unregulated agricultural expansion. Additionally, political instability in the country has contributed to the degradation of vegetation cover. Conversely, some areas showed relative improvement due to afforestation initiatives or favorable climatic conditions during specific years, leading to increased scattered vegetation. Quantitatively, the study recorded a decrease of approximately 9.69 km² in moderately vegetated areas and 307.77 km² in sparsely vegetated zones. On the other hand, there was an increase in scattered vegetation by about 308.81 km², and areas classified as having no vegetation increased by 8.4 km² compared to previous measurements.

The Variation of the Imperfect Verb's Case Endings and Its Impact on Meaning

امحمد محمد امحمد — 2025-12-03

Syntactic variation in verbs only occurs in the present tense, while past and imperative verbs do not experience this variation because they are built and are not affected by the factors affecting them. The present tense verb is affected by the factors that influence it, which leads to a variety of meanings. One of the obvious signs of the variation in the syntactic structure of the present tense verb is its occurrence after the verbal noun (an), which is of three types. There are guidelines for raising and lowering the present tense based on the grammatical rule that states that a lightened form of a heavy verb cannot be with verbs of doubt and greed, nor can a verb that lowers a verb be with knowledge or anything similar in meaning. The difference in the syntax of the present tense verb and its direction after (aw) and (hatta) creates a clear difference between the two functions of nominative and accusative, as the order of the speech differs according to the difference in its context, which is followed by a difference in meaning.

البنيّة الدلالية في قصيدة: الأماكن - دراسة أسلوبية

خديجة بُوطيب عبد القادر بُوطيب — 2025-12-03

The research examines the experience of the death of relatives and the loss of news, Despite the sincerity of the experience and the pain of the feelings, the subject remained an extension of what was. The research dealt with the experience causes and implications: the significance of death and the social and human repercussions also stopped to the aspects related to the experience of form: such as the image and the system of language, and rhetorical methods. The artistic structure of the poem was relied upon many techniques such as: the place of semantics and its phonological units.

الإطالة في تركيب الجملة ــ دراسة نحويّة دلالية تحليلية من خلال نماذج مختارة من ديوان الحارث بن حلزة ومن شعر بكر في حرب البسوس

عريب عبد العالم محمد القريدي — 2025-12-03

This study is entitled "Prolongation in Sentence Structure: A Grammatical and Semantic Study Through Selected Examples from the Diwan of AlHarith ibn Halza and from Bakr's Poetry on the Basus War". Prolongation is a grammatical and semantic phenomenon that contributes to expanding and emphasizing meaning. The study is structured to discuss a number of themes, relying on a descriptive and analytical approach. It examines the manifestations of prolongation in basic sentence structures, such as: (subject, predicate, and "doer", and in derived nouns such as the verbal noun, active participle, passive participle, exaggerated forms, and adjectives). It then identifies the manifestations of prolongation and analyzes its functions in interpreted verbal nouns and relative pronouns, as well as non-established elements such as restriction, subordination, plurality, and sequence . The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: that the use of extension contributed to confirming the meaning of the sentence through multiple grammatical elements that provided breadth and coherence between the structures in the sentence. Extension was a means of emphasis and specification and contributed to highlighting scenes of war and strengthening the meanings of pride and satire, thus creating a close cohesion between grammar and semantics in the ancient poetic text. It confirmed that studying grammatical phenomena in their artistic contexts enriches the deep understanding of the language of Arabic poetry and enhances its expressive functions.

الكلمة صرفيا

عبد النبي محمد موسى كريم — 2025-12-03

The research deals with the following aspects: 1_ The morphological units have many sections, which are regulated by different standards, which stem from: their foundations in word construction, their type, their place, their movement overlap, their structural overlap, their special semantic performance and its effect on the word and in the context. 2_ Studying the structural features of the morphological units; to reach the highlighting of the controversial and consensual features between the structure in which they exist and similar morphological units, in order to accurately determine their meanings. 3_ Studying the effect of morphological units on the semantic direction of the structure, such as: the disagreement between the use of (or) and (but), definition and indefiniteness, and words that move from unity to comprehensiveness.

موازنة بين شعر الشاعرات الأندلسيات من الحرائر والجواري دراسة وصفية تحليلية

نجاة عمر الشاوش — 2025-12-03

This research examines the comparative poetry of Andalusian female poets, both free and enslave women. Andalusian women had the greatest share of participation in literary and scholarly gatherings. This research aims to highlight its historical significance as a constituent of Andalusian Arab culture. I examined the differences between the poetry of free and slave female poets from several perspectives, namely: the differences in social classes, whether the society represented the poetry of free female poets or the poetry of slave female poets. The reason for choosing this research was to reveal the scholarly value of Andalusian women, specifically the class of female singers and songstresses. The importance of my research also stems from a necessary attempt to clarify their status in Andalusian society, as they were prominent in all genres of poetry, especially erotic poetry and satire. I also traced the layers of each, revealing the cultural status of Andalusian women, which arose as a result of the religious, political, and social circumstances of that period. Cultural status reflects the image of the life of Andalusian women. I decided to divide this research into three axes, preceded by an introduction in which I outlined the research objectives, the reasons for its selection, its importance, and the methodology followed. A conclusion includes the most important findings I reached, the most important of which were: -Andalusian women were prominent in the cultural, literary, and scientific fields, enabling them to be present in academic and literary gatherings, especially in the composition and narration of poetry.

Deletion in the Arabic Analytical Structure A Grammatical and Semantic Study Through Selected Examples from the poetry of Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa

نوار عبد العالم محمد القُريدي — 2025-12-03

This research aims at exploring the phenomenon of deletion in the Arabic sentence in the poetry of Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa, adopting a descriptiveanalytical approach to uncover and analyze forms of deletion in the poetry of this poet, whose grammatical value is represented by the citation of his poetry. This is because he lived during the time of protest. The research began with an introduction that defined the poet and his poetry. It then defined deletion in terms of language and terminology. It addressed its causes, purposes, and conditions. In the analytical aspect, it addressed the various forms of deletion in Marwan's poetry, such as deletion in the nominal sentence, addressing the obligatory and permissible deletion of the subject and predicate. It then analyzed deletion in the restricted sentence, whether restricted by a verbal abrogator, such as the deletion of the noun "kana" or one of its sisters [Kana wa Akhawatuha] or predicate, or restricted by a literal abrogator, such as the deletion of the noun "in" and its predicate or one of its sisters. Then the research dealt with deletion in the verbal sentence, such as the deletion of the verb, the subject, or the direct object. Then I also analyzed deletion in the complements of the sentence,such as the adverbial, the distinguishing, and the object for which, as well as the deletion of the adjective or the described, the noun and the complement, or the deletion of the preposition and the noun. The research also dealt with deletion in compound sentences, such as the conditional sentence and the oath sentence. Then I followed that with an analysis of deletion in letters, and I concluded the research by mentioning the most prominent achieved results.

شروط النهضة وبنية الحضارة في منظور مالك بن نبي

فاطمة مصطفى فرج الشيباني — 2025-12-03

This research examines the Algerian thinker Malek Ben nabi's vision of the concept of civilization and the conditions for renaissance in Islamic societies. It analyzes his intellectual project, which links cultural backwardness with what he calls "susceptibility to colonialism." Bennabi proceeds from a profound understanding of civilization as an integrated system that brings together people, land, and time, within a cultural and ethical framework that guides this interaction. The research focuses on the elements Bennabi considered essential for achieving renaissance, such as human development, awareness development, reform of religious thought, and the mobilization of individual and collective will. It also highlights his critique of consumerism and blind imitation, calling for transcending fascination with the West by building a civilizational project rooted in the Islamic self. This research aims to explore the realism and relevance of Malek Bennabi's ideas in light of the current challenges facing Arab and Islamic societies, and to attempt to draw inspiration from his intellectual lessons to build a contemporary renaissance balanced between matter and spirit, reason and faith.

الحق في تقرير المصير وتطوره في القانون الدولي والتنظيم الدولي

ابراهيم العايش علي العايش — 2025-12-03

This study addresses the principle of the right to self-determination, tracing its profound historical and legal trajectory and clarifying its transformation from a vague political idea associated with major revolutions into an established legal right and a peremptory norm (jus cogens) in contemporary international law. The research highlights the pivotal role of the United Nations Charter and its subsequent resolutions in entrenching this right, making it a legitimate basis for national liberation movements and the decolonization process that reshaped the world map. Furthermore, the study analyzes the contemporary challenges facing the principle's application, particularly the inherent tension between it and the principle of state sovereignty and territorial integrity. This tension fuels ongoing debate about its limits and cases of application, especially concerning minority claims and internal conflicts. The research also reviews the means of implementing this right, whether through peaceful methods like referendums or legitimate armed struggle. The study concludes that the principle of self-determination, despite the challenges and selectivity that may mar its application due to the interests of major powers, remains of utmost importance in the international order. Its necessity as a collective human right is growing amidst current developments, requiring continuous international effort to regulate its mechanisms in a way that achieves justice and preserves global stability.

ضمانات المبلغين عن الفساد في التشريع الليبي

أحمد المختار السيد كريمة — 2025-12-03

The study aimed to identify the protections for whistleblowers in Libyan Legislation by examining the international and national legal foundations of these protections, the nature of the risks and challenges faced by whistleblowers in Libya, the adequacy of Libyan legislative texts in providing protection compared to international standards, ways to develop a comprehensive national system that ensures legal and security protection for whistleblowers and provides them with necessary incentives, and finally, the role of the social, political, and security environment in enhancing or weakening the effectiveness of these protections. The descriptive method was adopted due to its suitability for the study’s objectives. The study reached the following findings: -The international and national legal foundations guarantee the protection of whistleblowers against corruption through legislation and standards that ensure legal security and strengthen their role in combating corruption. -The nature of the risks and challenges faced by whistleblowers in Libyan society includes exposure to professional retaliation or social exclusion, in addition to direct security threats due to weak legal and institutional protection, as well as pressure from the social and cultural environment that may view reporting as betrayal or stigma, making the whistleblower vulnerable to isolation and loss of trust, alongside the absence of a comprehensive system providing psychological and legal support. -Libyan legislative texts remain limited and incomplete in ensuring effective protection for whistleblowers against corruption, lacking clear implementation and oversight mechanisms, and compared to international standards, there is a clear deficiency in the legal, security, and institutional aspects that ensure comprehensive protection. -A comprehensive national system to protect whistleblowers can be developed through enacting clear legislation that guarantees legal protection and imposes penalties for any retaliation, establishing security and institutional mechanisms to monitor the implementation of such protection, providing secure reporting channels with confidentiality, offering material and moral incentives to encourage reporting, alongside awareness and training programs to strengthen a culture of integrity and transparency in society. -The social, political, and security environment plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of whistleblower protections, enhancing them when transparency and accountability are supported, while weakening them in the presence of corruption, institutional weakness, or retaliatory practices that threaten the whistleblower’s safety.

THE LAWYER'S CIVIL LIABILITY FOR THE ACTIONS OF OTHERS

سالم الغناي فرحات — 2025-12-03

This paper examines the vicarious liability of a lawyer for errors committed by third parties engaged to assist in fulfilling the lawyer’s obligations. It addresses the basis of such liability and reviews the nature of the lawyer’s liability toward those whom the lawyer engages in performing his duties, in terms of whether this liability constitutes contractual or tortious liability. Additionally, the paper discusses the vicarious liability of a principal for the acts of an agent.

خدمات المستفيدين من المخطوطات

الصديق عمر الطاهر كريم — 2025-12-03

The present study explores user services in relation to manuscripts, with the primary objective of highlighting the current state of such services and identifying the major problems and obstacles that prevent them from adequately meeting users’ needs. The study employed a descriptiveanalytical methodology. The results indicate several significant findings, most notably: The time allocated for users to consult manuscripts is insufficient. Current awareness services concerning manuscripts are absent. There is a clear deficiency in the provision of guidance services, particularly in: Directing users to other repositories that hold copies of the same manuscript. Providing information related to publication and critical editing. The main challenges encountered by users when requesting manuscripts include: Difficulty in accessing manuscripts due to deterioration or damage caused by pests. The unavailability of manuscripts at the time of request, largely due to circulation or an insufficient number of copies. The study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at overcoming these challenges and improving the quality of manuscript-related user services.